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Toluene and other aromatics have long been viewed as the dominantanthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors, but the SOA massyields from toluene reported in previous studies vary widely. Experimentsconducted in the Carnegie Mellon University environmental chamber to studySOA formation from the photo-oxidation of toluene show significantly largerSOA production than parameterizations employed in current air-qualitymodels. Aerosol mass yields depend on experimental conditions: yields arehigher under higher UV intensity, under low-NO<sub>x</sub> conditions and at lowertemperatures. The extent of oxidation of the aerosol also varies withexperimental conditions, consistent with ongoing, progressive photochemicalaging of the toluene SOA. Measurements using a thermodenuder system suggestthat the aerosol formed under high- and low-NO<sub>x</sub> conditions issemi-volatile. These results suggest that SOA formation from toluene dependsstrongly on ambient conditions. An approximate parameterization is proposedfor use in air-quality models until a more thorough treatment accounting forthe dynamic nature of this system becomes available

High formation of secondary organic aerosol from the photo-oxidation of toluene