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A high-resolution global aerosol model (Oslo CTM2) driven by meteorologicaldata and allowing a comparison with a variety of aerosol observations isused to simulate radiative forcing (RF) of the direct aerosol effect. Themodel simulates all main aerosol components, including several secondarycomponents such as nitrate and secondary organic carbon. The modelreproduces the main chemical composition and size features observed duringlarge aerosol campaigns. Although the chemical composition compares bestwith ground-based measurement over land for modelled sulphate, no systematicdifferences are found for other compounds. The modelled aerosol opticaldepth (AOD) is compared to remote sensed data from AERONET ground and MODISand MISR satellite retrievals. To gain confidence in the aerosol modelling,we have tested its ability to reproduce daily variability in the aerosolcontent, and this is performing well in many regions; however, we alsoidentified some locations where model improvements are needed. The annualmean regional pattern of AOD from the aerosol model is broadly similar tothe AERONET and the satellite retrievals (mostly within 10–20%). Wenotice a significant improvement from MODIS Collection 4 to Collection 5compared to AERONET data. Satellite derived estimates of aerosol radiativeeffect over ocean for clear sky conditions differs significantly on regionalscales (almost up to a factor two), but also in the global mean. The OsloCTM2 has an aerosol radiative effect close to the mean of the satellitederived estimates. We derive a radiative forcing (RF) of the direct aerosoleffect of −0.35 Wm−2 in our base case. Implementation of a simpleapproach to consider internal black carbon (BC) mixture results in a totalRF of −0.28 Wm−2. Our results highlight the importance of carbonaceousparticles, producing stronger individual RF than considered in the recentIPCC estimate; however, net RF is less different. A significant RF fromsecondary organic aerosols (SOA) is estimated (close to −0.1 Wm−2). TheSOA also contributes to a strong domination of secondary aerosol species forthe aerosol composition over land. A combination of sensitivity simulationsand model evaluation show that the RF is rather robust and unlikely to bemuch stronger than in our best estimate

Modelled radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect with multi-observation evaluation