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Airborne in-situ observations of carbon dioxide (CO2) were made during7 intensive measurement campaigns between November 2001 and April 2003 aspart of the SPURT project. Vertical profiles and latitudinal gradients inthe upper troposphere/lowermost stratosphere were measured along the westernshore of Europe from the subtropics to high northern latitudes duringdifferent seasons. In the boundary layer, CO2 exhibits a strongseasonal cycle with the maximum mixing ratios in winter and minimum valuesin summer, reflecting the strength of CO2 exchange with vegetation.Seasonal variations are strongest in high latitudes and propagate to thefree troposphere and lowermost stratosphere, although with reducedamplitude. In the lowermost stratosphere, the CO2 seasonal cycle isphase-shifted relative to the free troposphere by approximately 3 months,with highest mixing ratios during the summer. Modelling studies support theinterpretation that altitude gradients of CO2 are likely due tostratosphere-troposphere-transport

Airborne in-situ measurements of vertical, seasonal and latitudinal distributions of carbon dioxide over Europe