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We investigate whether explicit representation of the urban land surfaceimproves the simulation of the record-breaking 24-h heavy rain event thatoccurred over Mumbai, India on 26 July 2005 as the event has been poorlysimulated by operational weather forecasting models. We conductedexperiments using the Regional Atmosphere modeling system (RAMS 4.3),coupled with and without explicit urban energy balance model-town energybudget (TEB) to study the role of urban land – atmosphere interactions inmodulating the heavy rain event over the Indian monsoon region. The impactof including an explicit urban energy balance on surface thermodynamic,boundary layer, and circulation changes are analyzed. The results indicatethat even for this synoptically active rainfall event, the vertical wind andprecipitation are significantly influenced by heterogeneity in surfacetemperatures due to urbanization, and the effect is more significant duringthe storm initiation. Interestingly, precipitation in the upwind region ofMumbai city is increased in the simulation, possibly as a feedback from thesea breeze – urban landscape convergence. We find that even with the activemonsoon, the representation of urbanization contributes to local heavyprecipitation and mesoscale precipitation distribution over the Indianmonsoon region. Additional experiments within a statistical dynamicalframework show that an urban model by itself is not the dominant factor forthe enhanced rainfall for a Mumbai heavy rain event; the combination ofupdated SST fields using Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) datawith the detailed representation of urban effects simulated by the TEB modelcreated realistic gradients that successfully maintained the convergencezone over Mumbai. Further research will require more detailed morphologydata for simulating weather events in such urban regions. The resultssuggest that urbanization can significantly contribute to extremes inmonsoonal rain events that have been reported to be on the rise

Effect of explicit urban land surface representation on the simulation of the 26 July 2005 heavy rain event over Mumbai, India