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The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART coupled with daily active fire products provided by theMODIS instrument was used to forecast the intrusions of thesouthern hemispheric fire plumes in theNorthern Hemisphere during the AMMA(African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis) fourth airborne campaignfrom 25 July to 31 August 2006 (Special Operation Period SOP2_a2).The imprint of the biomass burning plumes overthe Gulf of Guinea showed a well marked intraseasonal variabilitywhich is controlled by the position and strength of thesouthern hemispheric African Easterly Jet (AEJ-S).Three different periods were identified which correspond to active andbreak phases of the AEJ-S: 25 July–2 August (active phase),3 August–8 August (break phase) and 9 August–31 August (active phase).During the AEJ-S active phases, the advection of the biomass burning plumesout over the Atlantic ocean was efficient in the mid-troposphere.During the AEJ-S break phases, pollutants emitted by fires were trappedover the continent where they accumulated. The continental circulationincreased the possibility for the biomass burning plumes to reach theconvective regions located further north. As a consequence, biomass burningplumes were found in the upper troposphere over the Gulf of Guineaduring the AEJ-S break phase.Observational evidences from the ozonesounding network at Cotonou and thecarbon monoxide measured by MOPITT confirmed the alternation of theAEJ-S phases with low ozone and CO in the mid-troposphereover the Gulf of Guinea during the break phase

Tracing biomass burning plumes from the Southern Hemisphere during the AMMA 2006 wet season experiment