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Trace gas measurements of TOPSE and TRACE-P experiments and correspondingglobal GEOS-Chem model simulations are analyzed with the Positive MatrixFactorization (PMF) method for model evaluation purposes. Specially, weevaluate the model simulated contributions to O3 variability fromstratospheric transport, intercontinental transport, and production fromurban/industry and biomass burning/biogenic sources. We select a suite ofrelatively long-lived tracers, including 7 chemicals (O3, NOy,PAN, CO, C3H8, CH3Cl, and 7Be) and 1 dynamic tracer(potential temperature). The largest discrepancy is found in thestratospheric contribution to 7Be. The model underestimates thiscontribution by a factor of 2–3, corresponding well to a reduction of7Be source by the same magnitude in the default setup of the standardGEOS-Chem model. In contrast, we find that the simulated O3contributions from stratospheric transport are in reasonable agreement withthose derived from the measurements. However, the springtime increasingtrend over North America derived from the measurements are largelyunderestimated in the model, indicating that the magnitude of simulatedstratospheric O3 source is reasonable but the temporal distributionneeds improvement. The simulated O3 contributions from long-rangetransport and production from urban/industry and biomass burning/biogenicemissions are also in reasonable agreement with those derived from themeasurements, although significant discrepancies are found for some regions

Evaluation of model-simulated source contributions to tropospheric ozone with aircraft observations in the factor-projected space