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In-situ measurements in convective clouds (up to the freezing level) over the Amazon basin show that smoke from deforestation fires prevents clouds from precipitating until they acquire a vertical development of at least 4 km, compared to only 1-2 km in clean clouds. The average cloud depth required for the onset of warm rain increased by 350 m for each additional 100 cloud condensation nu- clei per cm 3 at a super-saturation of 0.5% (CCN0.5%). In polluted clouds, the diameter of modal liquid water content grows much slower with cloud depth (at least by a factor of 2), due to the large number of droplets that compete for available water and to the suppressed coalescence processes. Contrary to what other studies have suggested, we did not observe this effect to reach saturation at 3000 or more accu- mulation mode particles per cm 3 . The CCN0.5% concentra- tion was found to be a very good predictor for the cloud depth required for the onset of warm precipitation and other micro- physical factors, leaving only a secondary role for the updraft velocities in determining the cloud drop size distributions. The effective radius of the cloud droplets (re) was found to be a quite robust parameter for a given environment and cloud depth, showing only a small effect of partial droplet evaporation from the cloud's mixing with its drier environ- ment. This supports one of the basic assumptions of satellite analysis of cloud microphysical processes: the ability to look at different cloud top heights in the same region and regard their re as if they had been measured inside one well devel- oped cloud. The dependence of re on the adiabatic fraction decreased higher in the clouds, especially for cleaner con- ditions, and disappeared at re 10µm. We propose that droplet coalescence, which is at its peak when warm rain is formed in the cloud at re= 10µm, continues to be signif- icant during the cloud's mixing with the entrained air, can- celling out the decrease in re due to evaporation.

Robust relations between CCN and the vertical evolution of cloud drop size distribution in deep convective clouds