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Ozone (O3) profiles recorded over Beijing from 1995 to 2005 by theMeasurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC)program were analyzed to provide a first climatology of tropospheric O3over Beijing and the North China Plains (NCPs), one of the most populated andpolluted regions in China. A pooled method was adopted in the data analysisto reduce the influence of irregular sampling frequency. The troposphericO3 over Beijing shows a seasonal and vertical distribution typical ofmid-latitude locations in the Northern Hemisphere, but has higher daytimeconcentrations in the lower troposphere, when compared to New York City,Tokyo, and Paris at similar latitude. The tropospheric O3 over Beijingexhibits a common summer maximum and a winter minimum, with a broad summermaximum in the middle troposphere and a narrower early summer (June) peak inthe lower troposphere. Examination of meteorological and satellite datasuggests that the lower tropospheric O3 maximum in June is a result ofstrong photochemical production, transport of regional pollution, andpossibly also more intense burnings of biomass in Central-Eastern China.Trajectory analysis indicates that in summer the regional pollution fromthe NCPs, maybe mixed with urban plumes from Beijing, played importantroles on the high O3 concentrations in the boundary layer, but hadlimited impact on the O3 concentrations in the middle troposphere. Acomparison of the data recorded before and after 2000 reveals that O3 inthe lower troposphere over Beijing had a strong positive trend (approximately2% per year from 1995 to 2005) in contrast to a flat or a decreasing trendover Tokyo, New York City, and Paris, indicating worsening photochemicalpollution in Beijing and the NCPs

Tropospheric ozone climatology over Beijing: analysis of aircraft data from the MOZAIC program