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The volatility of sub-micrometer atmospheric aerosol particles wasstudied in a rural background environment in Finland using acombination of a heating tube and a scanning mobility particlesizer. The analysis focused on nanoparticles formed throughnucleation which were subsequently observed during their growth inthe diameter range between 5 and 60 nm. During the 6 days of newparticle formation shown in detail, the concentrations of newlyformed particles increased up to 10 000 cm−3. The number ofnucleation mode particles measured after volatilization in theheating tube at 280°C was up to 90% of the total numberunder ambient conditions. Taking into account the absoluteaccuracy of the size distribution measurements, all ambientparticles found in the rural atmosphere could have a non-volatilecore after volatilization at 280°C. As the regional newparticle formation events developed over time as a result offurther vapor condensation, the newly formed particles grew at anaverage growth rate of 2.4±0.3 nm h−1. Importantly, thenon-volatile cores of nucleation mode particles were also observedto grow over time, however, at a lower average growth rate of 0.6±0.3 nm h−1. One implication of the volatility analysisis that the newly formed particles, which have reached ambientdiameters of 15 nm, are unlikely to consist of sulfuric acid,ammonium sulfate, and water alone. A relatively constant ratiobetween the growth rate of the ambient particles as well as theirnon-volatile cores indicates that non-volatile matter is formedonly gradually in the growing particles. The non-volatile fractionof the particles showed some correlation with the ambienttemperature. The composition and formation mechanism of thisnon-volatile material in nucleation mode particles are, to date,not known

Non-volatile residuals of newly formed atmospheric particles in the boreal forest