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Aerosols play an important role in the atmosphere but are poorlycharacterized, particularly in urban areas like the Mexico City MetropolitanArea (MCMA). The chemical composition of urban particles must be known toassess their effects on the environment, and specific particulate emissionssources should be identified to establish effective pollution controlstandards. For these reasons, samples of particulate matter &#x2264;2.5 μm(PM2.5) were collected during the MCMA-2003 Field Campaign forelemental and multivariate analyses. Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE),Proton-Elastic Scattering Analysis (PESA) and Scanning Transmission IonMicroscopy (STIM) measurements were done to determine concentrations of 19elements from Na to Pb, hydrogen, and total mass, respectively. The mostabundant elements from PIXE analysis were S, Si, K, Fe, Ca, and Al, whilethe major emissions sources associated with these elements were industry,wind-blown soil, and biomass burning. Wind trajectories suggest that metalsassociated with industrial emissions came from northern areas of the citywhereas soil aerosols came from the southwest and increased in concentrationduring dry conditions. Elemental markers for fuel oil combustion, V and Ni,correlated with a large SO2 plume to suggest an anthropogenic, ratherthan volcanic, emissions source. By subtracting major components of soil andsulfates determined by PIXE analysis from STIM total mass measurements, weestimate that approximately 50% of non-volatile PM2.5 consisted ofcarbonaceous material

Aerosol composition and source apportionment in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area with PIXE/PESA/STIM and multivariate analysis