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Size- and time-resolved aerosol samples were collected using an eight-stageDavis rotating unit for monitoring (DRUM) sampler from 29 March to 29 May in2002 at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea, which is one of the representativebackground sites in East Asia. These samples were analyzed using synchrotronX-ray fluorescence for 3-h average concentrations of 19 elements consistingof S, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Cl, Cu, Zn, Ti, K, Mn, Pb, Ni, V, Se, As, Rb, Cr, Br.The size-resolved data sets were then analyzed using the positive matrixfactorization (PMF) technique in order to identify possible sources andestimate their contribution to particulate matter mass. PMF analysis usesthe uncertainty of the measured data to provide an optimal weighting.Fifteen sources were resolved in eight size ranges (0.07~12 μm) andincluded continental soil, local soil, sea salt, biomass/biofuel burning,coal combustion, oil heating furnace, residual oil fired boiler, municipalincineration, nonferrous metal source, ferrous metal source, gasolinevehicle, diesel vehicle, copper smelter and volcanic emission. PMF analysisof size-resolved source contributions showed that natural sourcesrepresented by local soil, sea salt and continental soil contributed about79% to the predicted primary particulate matter (PM) mass in the coarsesize range (1.15~12 μm). On the other hand, anthropogenic sources suchas coal combustion and biomass/biofuel burning contributed about 60% inthe fine size range (0.56~2.5 μm). The diesel vehicle sourcecontributed the most in the ultra-fine size range (0.07~0.56 μm) andwas responsible for about 52% of the primary PM mass

Size-resolved source apportionment of ambient particles by positive matrix factorization at Gosan background site in East Asia