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A global multicompartment model which is based on a 3-D atmospheric general circulation model (ECHAM5) coupled to 2-D soil, vegetation and sea surface mixed layer reservoirs, is used to simulate the atmospheric transports and total environmental fate of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and -hexachlorocyclohexane ( -HCH, lindane). Emissions into the model world reflect the substance's agri- cultural usage in 1980 and 1990 and same amounts in se- quential years are applied. Four scenarios of DDT usage and atmospheric decay and one scenario of -HCH are studied over a decade. The global environment is predicted to be contaminated by the substances within ca. 2 a (years). DDT reaches quasi- steady state within 3-4 a in the atmosphere and vegetation compartments, ca. 6 a in the sea surface mixed layer and near to or slightly more than 10 a in soil. Lindane reaches quasi- steady state in the atmosphere and vegetation within 2 a, in soils within 8 years and near to or slightly more than 10 a and in the sea surface mixed layer. The substances' differ- ences in environmental behaviour translate into differences in the compartmental distribution and total environmental res- idence time, overall. overall 0.8 a for -HCH's and 1.0- 1.3 a for the various DDT scenarios. Both substances' distri- butions are predicted to migrate in northerly direction, 5-12 for DDT and 6.7 for lindane between the first and the tenth year in the environment. Cycling in various receptor regions is a complex superposition of influences of regional climate, advection, and the substance's physico-chemical properties. As a result of these processes the model simulations show that remote boreal regions are not necessarily less contam- inated than tropical receptor regions. Although the atmo- sphere accounts for only 1% of the total contaminant bur- den, transport and transformation in the atmosphere is key for the distribution in other compartments. Hence, besides the physico-chemical properties of pollutants the location of application (entry) affects persistence and accumulation em- phasizing the need for georeferenced exposure models.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Impact of the regional climate and substance properties on the fate and atmospheric long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants - examples of DDT and γ-HCH