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. A major source of uncertainty in both climate projections and seasonalforecasting of sea ice is inadequate representation of surface–atmosphereexchange processes. The observations needed to improve understanding andreduce uncertainty in surface exchange parameterizations are challenging tomake and rare. Here we present a large dataset of ship-based measurements ofsurface momentum exchange (surface drag) in the vicinity of sea ice from theArctic Clouds in Summer Experiment (ACSE) in July–October 2014, and theArctic Ocean 2016 experiment (AO2016) in August–September 2016. Thecombined dataset provides an extensive record of momentum flux over a widerange of surface conditions spanning the late summer melt and early autumnfreeze-up periods, and a wide range of atmospheric stabilities. Surfaceexchange coefficients are estimated from in situ eddy covariancemeasurements. The local sea-ice fraction is determined via automatedprocessing of imagery from ship-mounted cameras. The surface dragcoefficient, CD10n, peaks at local ice fractions of 0.6–0.8, consistentwith both recent aircraft-based observations and theory. Twostate-of-the-art parameterizations have been tuned to our observations, withboth providing excellent fits to the measurements.

Ship-based estimates of momentum transfer coefficient over sea ice and recommendations for its parameterization