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. Climate models simulate lower rates of North Atlanticheat transport under greenhouse gas climates than at present due to areduction in the strength of the Atlantic Meridional OverturningCirculation (AMOC). Solar geoengineering whereby surface temperatures arecooled by reduction of incoming shortwave radiation may be expected toameliorate this effect. We investigate this using six Earth system modelsrunning scenarios from GeoMIP (Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project)in the cases of (i) reduction in the solar constant, mimicking dimming ofthe sun; (ii) sulfate aerosol injection into the lower equatorialstratosphere; and (iii) brightening of the ocean regions, mimicking enhancingtropospheric cloud amounts. We find that despite across-model differences,AMOC decreases are attributable to reduced air–ocean temperaturedifferences and reduced September Arctic sea ice extent, with nosignificant impact from changing surface winds or precipitation − evaporation.Reversing the surface freshening of the North Atlantic overturning regionscaused by decreased summer sea ice sea helps to promote AMOC. When comparing thegeoengineering types after normalizing them for the differences in top-of-atmosphere radiative forcing, we find that solar dimming is more effectivethan either marine cloud brightening or stratospheric aerosol injection.

Impacts of three types of solar geoengineering on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation