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. The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) Science Plan, released in 2015, addresseda need for a holistic system understanding and outlined the most urgentresearch needs for the rapidly changing Arctic-boreal region. Air quality in China, together with the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants, wasalso indicated as one of the most crucial topics of the research agenda.These two geographical regions, the northern Eurasian Arctic-boreal region and China, especially the megacities in China, were identified as a “PEEX region”. It is also important to recognize that the PEEX geographicalregion is an area where science-based policy actions would have significantimpacts on the global climate. This paper summarizes results obtained duringthe last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, together with recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China, in the context of the PEEX programme. The main regions of interest are the RussianArctic, northern Eurasian boreal forests (Siberia) and peatlands, and the megacities in China. We frame our analysis against research themesintroduced in the PEEX Science Plan in 2015. We summarize recent progress towards an enhanced holistic understanding of the land–atmosphere–ocean systems feedbacks. We conclude that although the scientific knowledgein these regions has increased, the new results are in many casesinsufficient, and there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate–Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures, especially the lack of coordinated,continuous and comprehensive in situ observations of the study region aswell as integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive systemanalysis. The fast-changing environment and ecosystem changes driven byclimate change, socio-economic activities like the China Silk RoadInitiative, and the global trends like urbanization further complicate suchanalyses. We recognize new topics with an increasing importance in the nearfuture, especially “the enhancing biological sequestration capacity ofgreenhouse gases into forests and soils to mitigate climate change” and the “socio-economic development to tackle air quality issues”.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective