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. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contribute to airpollution through the formation of secondary aerosols and ozone and extendthe lifetime of methane in the atmosphere. Tropospheric VOCs originate to90 % from biogenic sources on a global scale, mainly from forests. Cropsare also a potentially large yet poorly characterized source of VOCs (30 %of the VOC emissions in Europe, mostly oxygenated). In this study, weinvestigated VOC fluxes over a winter wheat field by eddy covariance using aPTR-Qi-TOF-MS with high sensitivity and mass resolution. The study tookplace near Paris over a 5-week period and included flowering, crop maturityand senescence. We found a total of 123 VOCs with fluxes 3 times abovethe detection limit. Methanol was the most emitted compound with an averageflux of 63 µg m−2 h−1, representing about 52 % of summedVOC emissions on a molar basis (36 % on a mass basis). We also identifiedethanol, acetone, acetaldehyde and dimethyl sulfide among the six mostemitted compounds. The third most emitted VOC corresponded to the ion m/z 93.033. It was tentatively identified as furan (C6H4O), a compoundnot previously reported to be strongly emitted by crops. The average summedVOC emissions were about 173 ± 6 µg m2 h−1,while the average VOC depositions were about 109 ± 2 µg m−2 h−1 and hence 63 % of the VOC emissions on a mass basis. Thenet ecosystem flux of VOCs was an emission of 64 ± 6 µg m−2 h−1 (0.5 ± 0.05 nmol m−2 s−1). The mostdeposited VOCs were identified as hydroxyacetone, acetic acid and fragmentsof oxidized VOCs. Overall, our results reveal that wheat fields represent anon-negligible source and sink of VOCs to be considered in regional VOCbudgets and underline the usefulness and limitations of eddy covariancemeasurements with a PTR-Qi-TOF-MS.

Volatile organic compound fluxes over a winter wheat field by PTR-Qi-TOF-MS and eddy covariance