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. Spatiotemporal heterogeneities in the concentrations ofalkaline gases and their particulate counterparts in the marine atmosphereover China's marginal seas were investigated in terms of causes and chemicalconversion during two winter cruise campaigns, using semi-continuousmeasurements made by an onboard URG-9000D Ambient Ion Monitor-IonChromatograph (AIM-IC, Thermo Fisher). During the cruise campaign over the East China Sea from 27 December 2019 to 6 January 2020, the concentrationsof gas-phase atmospheric trimethylamine (TMAgas) varied by approximately 1 order of magnitude, with an average (± standarddeviation) of 0.10±0.04 µg m−3 corresponding to a mixing ratio of 26±17 pptv. Corresponding mean values were 0.037±0.011 µg m−3 (14±5 pptv in mixing ratio) over the YellowSea during the period from 7 to 16 January 2020 and0.031±0.009 µg m−3 (12±4 pptv in mixing ratio) over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea from 9 to 22 December 2019. By contrast, the simultaneouslyobserved concentrations of TMA in PM2.5, detected as TMAH+, overthe East China Sea were 0.098±0.069 µg m−3 andsubstantially smaller than the 0.28±0.18 µg m−3 observedover the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea from 9 to 22 December 2019. A significant correlation between TMAgas and particulate TMAH+ wasobserved over the East China Sea, but no correlation was found over theYellow Sea and Bohai Sea. Proportional or disproportional variations inconcentrations of TMAgas with particulate TMAH+ over the sea zoneswere probably attributed to the difference in the enrichment of TMAH+in the sea surface microlayer. In addition, spatiotemporal heterogeneitiesin concentrations of atmospheric ammonia (NH3gas), atmosphericdimethylamine (DMAgas), and DMA in PM2.5, detected as DMAH+,were investigated. Case analyses were performed to illustrate the formationand chemical conversion of particulate aminium ions in marine aerosols.Finally, we hypothesized the release of basic gases and particulatecounterparts from the ocean to the atmosphere, together with the secondaryformation of DMAH+ and chemical conversion of TMAH+, in the marineatmosphere.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Mapping gaseous dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ammonia, and their particulate counterparts in marine atmospheres of China’s marginal seas – Part 2: Spatiotemporal heterogeneity, causes, and hypothesis