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. Secondary inorganic PM2.5 particles are formed from SOx(SO2+SO42-), NOx (NO+NO2), andNH3 emissions, throughthe formation of either ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) orammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). EUlimits and WHO guidelines for PM2.5 levels arefrequently exceeded in Europe, in particular in the winter months.In addition the critical loads for eutrophication are exceeded in mostof the European continent. Further reductions in NH3emissions and other PM precursors beyondthe 2030 requirements could alleviate some of the healthburden from fine particles and also reduce thedeposition of nitrogen to vulnerable ecosystems. Using the regional-scale EMEP/MSC-W model, we have studied theeffects of year 2030 NH3 emissions on PM2.5concentrations and depositionsof nitrogen in Europe in lightof present (2017), past (2005), and future (2030) conditions. Our calculationsshow that in Europe the formation of PM2.5 from NH3to a large extent is limited by the ratio between the emissionsof NH3 on one hand and SOx plus NOx onthe other hand. As the ratio ofNH3 to SOx and NOx is increasing, the potential tofurther curb PM2.5 levels through reductionsin NH3 emissions is decreasing.Here we show that per gram of NH3 emissions mitigated,the resulting reductions in PM2.5 levels simulated using 2030emissions are about a factor of 2.6 lower than when 2005 emissions are used.However, this ratio is lower inwinter. Thus further reductions in the NH3 emissions in wintermay have similar potential to SOx and NOx incurbing PM2.5 levels in this season. Following the expected reductions of NH3 emission, depositionsof reduced nitrogen (NH3+NH4+) should also decreasein Europe. However, as the reductions in NOxemission are larger than for NH3, the fraction of total nitrogen(reduced plus oxidised nitrogen) deposited as reduced nitrogen isincreasing and may exceed 60 % in most of Europe by 2030.Thus the potential for future reductions in the exceedances of criticalloads for eutrophication in Europe will mainly rely on the ability toreduce NH3 emissions.

Modelling changes in secondary inorganic aerosol formation and nitrogen deposition in Europe from 2005 to 2030