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. The Sierra Nevada Lidar aerOsol Profiling Experiment I and II(SLOPE I and II) campaigns were intended to determine the vertical structureof aerosols by remote sensing instruments and test the various retrievalschemes for obtaining aerosol microphysical and optical properties within situ measurements. The SLOPE I and II campaigns were developed during thesummers of 2016 and 2017, respectively, combining active and passive remotesensing with in situ measurements at stations belonging to the AGORAobservatory (Andalusian Global ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere) in the Granadaarea (Spain). In this work, we use the in situ measurements of thesecampaigns to evaluate aerosol properties retrieved by the GRASP code(Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties) combining lidarand sun–sky photometer measurements. We show an overview of aerosolproperties retrieved by GRASP during the SLOPE I and II campaigns. In addition, weevaluate the GRASP retrievals of total aerosol volume concentration(discerning between fine and coarse modes), extinction and scatteringcoefficients, and for the first time we present an evaluation of the absorptioncoefficient. The statistical analysis of aerosol optical and microphysicalproperties, both column-integrated and vertically resolved, from May to July 2016 and 2017 shows a large variability in aerosol load and types. Theresults show a strong predominance of desert dust particles due to NorthAfrican intrusions. The vertically resolved analysis denotes a decay of theatmospheric aerosols with an altitude up to 5 km a.s.l. Finally, desert dustand biomass burning events were chosen to show the high potential of GRASPto retrieve vertical profiles of aerosol properties (e.g. absorptioncoefficient and single scattering albedo) for different aerosol types. Theaerosol properties retrieved by GRASP show good agreement with simultaneousin situ measurements (nephelometer, aethalometer, scanning mobility particlesizer, and aerodynamic particle sizer) performed at the Sierra Nevada Station(SNS) in Granada. In general, GRASP overestimates the in situ data at the SNSwith a mean difference lower than 6 µm3 cm−3 for volumeconcentration, and 11 and 2 Mm−1 for the scattering and absorptioncoefficients. On the other hand, the comparison of GRASP with airbornemeasurements also shows an overestimation with mean absolute differences of14 ± 10 and 1.2 ± 1.2 Mm−1 for the scattering andabsorption coefficients, showing a better agreement for the absorption(scattering) coefficient with higher (lower) aerosol optical depth. Thepotential of GRASP shown in this study will contribute to enhancing therepresentativeness of the aerosol vertical distribution and provideinformation for satellite and global model evaluation.

Overview of the SLOPE I and II campaigns: aerosol properties retrieved with lidar and sun–sky photometer measurements