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. Deep basins create uniquely favorable conditions for causing air pollution, and the Sichuan Basin (SCB) in Southwest China is such abasin featuring frequent heavy pollution. A wintertime heavy haze pollutionevent in the SCB was studied with conventional and intensive observation dataand the WRF-Chem model to explore the 3D distribution ofPM2.5 to understand the impact of regional pollutant emissions, basincirculations associated with plateaus, and downwind transport to theadjacent areas. It was found that the vertical structure of PM2.5 over theSCB was characterized by a remarkable hollow sandwiched by high PM2.5layers at heights of 1.5–3 km and a highly polluted near-surface layer. Thesouthwesterlies over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau(YGP) resulted in a lee vortex over the SCB, which helped form and maintainheavy PM2.5 pollution. The basin PM2.5 was lifted into thefree troposphere and transported outside of the SCB. At the bottom of theSCB, high PM2.5 concentrations were mostly located in the northwesternand southern regions. Due to the blocking effect of the plateau terrain onthe northeasterly winds, PM2.5 gradually increased from northeast tosouthwest in the basin. In the lower free troposphere, the high PM2.5centers were distributed over the northwestern and southwestern SCB areas,as well as the central SCB region. For this event, the regional emissionsfrom the SCB contributed 75.4 %–94.6 % to the surface PM2.5concentrations in the SCB. The SCB emissions were the major source of PM2.5 over the eastern regions of the TP and the northern regions of the YGP, withcontribution rates of 72.7 % and 70.5 %, respectively, during thedissipation stage of heavy air pollution over the SCB, which was regarded as themajor pollutant source affecting atmospheric environment changes inSouthwest China.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Elevated 3D structures of PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and impact of complex terrain-forcing circulations on heavy haze pollution over Sichuan Basin, China