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. Satellite observations provide spatially resolved globalestimates of column-averaged mixing ratios of CO2 (XCO2) over theEarth's surface. The accuracy of these datasets can be validated againstreliable standards in some areas, but other areas remain inaccessible. Todate, limited reference data over oceans hinder successful uncertaintyquantification or bias correction efforts and preclude reliableconclusions about changes in the carbon cycle in some regions. Here, wepropose a new approach to analyze and evaluate seasonal, interannual, andlatitudinal variations of XCO2 over oceans by integrating cargo-ship(Ship Of Opportunity – SOOP) and commercial aircraft (ComprehensiveObservation Network for Trace gases by Airliner – CONTRAIL) observations with the aidof state-of-the art atmospheric chemistry-transport model calculations. Theconsistency of the “observation-based column-averaged CO2” dataset(obs. XCO2) with satellite estimates was analyzed over the westernPacific between 2014 and 2017, and its utility as a reference datasetevaluated. Our results demonstrate that the new dataset accurately capturesseasonal and interannual variations of CO2. Retrievals of XCO2over the ocean from GOSAT (Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite: National Institute for Environmental Studies – NIESv02.75; Atmospheric CO2 Observation from Space – ACOS v7.3) and OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory,v9r) observations show a negative bias of about 1 part per million (ppm) innorthern midlatitudes, which was attributed to measurement uncertainties ofthe satellite observations. The NIES retrieval had higher consistency withobs. XCO2 at midlatitudes as compared to the other retrievals. At lowlatitudes, it shows many fewer valid data and high scatter, such that ACOSand OCO-2 appear to provide a better representation of the carbon cycle. Atdifferent times, the seasonal cycles of all three retrievals show positivephase shifts of 1 month relative to the observation-based data. The studyindicates that even if the retrievals complement each other, remaininguncertainties limit the accurate interpretation of spatiotemporal changes inCO2 fluxes. A continuous long-term XCO2 dataset with widelatitudinal coverage based on the new approach has great potential as arobust reference dataset for XCO2 and can help to better understandchanges in the carbon cycle in response to climate change using satelliteobservations.

New approach to evaluate satellite-derived XCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; over oceans by integrating ship and aircraft observations

New approach to evaluate satellite-derived XCO<sub>2</sub> over oceans by integrating ship and aircraft observations