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. Pollen grains emitted from vegetation can release subpollen particles (SPPs)that contribute to the fine fraction of atmospheric aerosols and may act ascloud condensation nuclei (CCN), ice nuclei (IN), or aeroallergens. Here, weinvestigate and characterize the hygroscopic growth and CCN activation ofbirch, pine, and rapeseed SPPs. A high-humidity tandem differential mobilityanalyzer (HHTDMA) was used to measure particle restructuring and wateruptake over a wide range of relative humidity (RH) from 2 % to 99.5 %,and a continuous flow CCN counter was used for size-resolved measurements ofCCN activation at supersaturations (S) in the range of 0.2 % to 1.2 %.For both subsaturated and supersaturated conditions, effectivehygroscopicity parameters, κ, were obtained by Köhler modelcalculations. Gravimetric and chemical analyses, electron microscopy, anddynamic light scattering measurements were performed to characterize furtherproperties of SPPs from aqueous pollen extracts such as chemical composition(starch, proteins, DNA, and inorganic ions) and the hydrodynamic sizedistribution of water-insoluble material. All investigated SPP samplesexhibited a sharp increase of water uptake and κ above∼95 % RH, suggesting a liquid–liquid phase separation(LLPS). The HHTDMA measurements at RH &gt;95 % enable closurebetween the CCN activation at water vapor supersaturation and hygroscopicgrowth at subsaturated conditions, which is often not achieved when hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) measurements are performed at lower RH where the water uptake and effectivehygroscopicity may be limited by the effects of LLPS. Such effects may beimportant not only for closure between hygroscopic growth and CCN activationbut also for the chemical reactivity, allergenic potential, and relatedhealth effects of SPPs.

Water uptake of subpollen aerosol particles: hygroscopic growth, cloud condensation nuclei activation, and liquid–liquid phase separation