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. The short-wave (SW) direct radiative effect (DRE) during the summer 2019 heatwave produced partly by a moderate, long-lasting Saharan dust outbreak overEurope is analysed in this study. Two European sites (periods) are considered: Barcelona, Spain (23–30 June), and Leipzig, Germany (29 and30 June), 1350  km apart from each other. Major data are obtained from AERONET and polarised Micro-Pulse Lidar (P-MPL) observations. Modelling is used to describe thedifferent dust pathways, as observed at both sites. The coarse dust (Dc) and fine dust (Df) components (with total dust, DD  =  Dc  +  Df) areidentified in the profiles of the total particle backscatter coefficient using the POLIPHON (POlarisation LIdar PHOtometer Networking) method in synergy with P-MPL measurements. Thisinformation is used to calculate the relative mass loading and the centre-of-mass height, as well as the contribution of each dust mode to the total dust DRE. Several aspects of the ageing of dust are put forward. The mean dust optical depth and its Df / DD ratios are,respectively, 0.153 and 24 % in Barcelona and 0.039 and 38 % in Leipzig; this Df increase in Leipzig is attributed to a longer dusttransport path in comparison to Barcelona. The dust produced a cooling effect on the surface with a mean daily DRE of − 9.1 and − 2.5  W m−2 , respectively, in Barcelona and Leipzig, but the Df / DD DRE ratio is larger for Leipzig (52 %) than for Barcelona(37 %). Cooling is also observed at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), although less intense than on the surface. However, the Df / DD DRE ratioat the TOA is even higher (45 % and 60 %, respectively, in Barcelona and Leipzig) than on the surface. Despite the predominance of Dcparticles under dusty conditions, the SW radiative impact of Df particles can be comparable to, even higher than, that induced by the Dc ones. Inparticular, the Df / DD DRE ratio in Barcelona increases by + 2.4  % d−1 (surface) and + 2.9  % d−1 (TOA) during the dustyperiod. This study is completed by a second paper about the long-wave and net radiative effects. These results are especially relevant for the nextESA EarthCARE mission (planned in 2022) as it is devoted to aerosol–cloud–radiation interaction research.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Aerosol radiative impact during the summer 2019 heatwave produced partly by an inter-continental Saharan dust outbreak – Part 1: Short-wave dust direct radiative effect