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Abstract. Anthropogenic emissions in China play an important role inaltering the global radiation budget. Over the past decade, the strongclean-air policies in China have resulted in substantial reductions ofanthropogenic emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and primary particulatematter, and air quality in China has consequently improved. However, theresultant aerosol radiative forcings have been poorly understood. In thisstudy, we used an advanced global climate model integrated with the latestlocalized emission inventory to quantify the aerosol radiative forcings bythe changes of anthropogenic emissions in China between 2008 and 2016. Bycomparing with multiple observation datasets, our simulations reproduced theconsiderable reductions of sulfate and black carbon (BC) mass loadingsreasonably well over eastern China (the key region subject to stringentemission controls) during the period and accordingly showed a clear declinein both aerosol optical depth and absorption aerosol optical depth. Theresults revealed a regional annual mean positive direct radiative forcing(DRF) of + 0.29 W m −2 at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) due to thereduction of SO 2 emissions. This positive aerosol radiative forcing wascomprised of diminished sulfate scattering ( + 0.58 W m −2 ), enhancednitrate radiative effects ( − 0.29 W m −2 ), and could be completely offsetby the concurrent reduction of BC emissions that induced a negative BC DRFof − 0.33 W m −2 . Despite the small net aerosol DRF ( − 0.05 W m −2 )at the TOA, aerosol–radiation interactions could explain the surfacebrightening in China over the past decade. The overall reductions inaerosol burdens and associated optical effects mainly from BC and sulfateenhanced the regional annual mean downward solar radiation flux at thesurface by + 1.0 W m −2 between 2008 and 2016. The enhancement was ingeneral agreement with a long-term observational record of surface energyfluxes in China. We also estimated that aerosol effects on cloud radiativeforcings may have played a dominant role in the net aerosol radiativeforcings at the TOA in China and over the northern Pacific Ocean during thestudy period. This study will facilitate more informed assessment of climateresponses to projected emissions in the future as well as to sudden changesin human activities (e.g., the COVID-19 lockdown).

Aerosol radiative forcings induced by substantial changes in anthropogenic emissions in China from 2008 to 2016