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. A weak El Nino during 2014–2015 boreal winter developed as a strongboreal summer event in 2015 which continued and even enhanced during thefollowing winter. In this work, the detailed changes in the structure,dynamics, and trace gases within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA)during the extreme El Nino of 2015–2016 is delineated by using Aura MicrowaveLimb Sounder (MLS) measurements, COSMIC radio occultation (RO) temperature,and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis products. Our analysis concentrates only on the summermonths of July and August 2015 when the Nino 3.4 index started to exceed values of 1.5. The results show that the ASMA structure was quite different insummer 2015 as compared to the long-term (2005–2014) mean. In July, thespatial extension of the ASMA is greater than the long-term mean in allthe regions except over northeastern Asia, where it exhibits a strongsouthward shift in its position. The ASMA splits into two, and the westernPacific mode is evident in August. Interestingly, the subtropical westerlyjet (STJ) shifted southward from its normal position over northeastern Asia,and as a result midlatitude air moved southward in 2015. Intense Rossby wavebreaking events along with STJ are also found in July 2015. Due to thesedynamical changes in the ASMA, pronounced changes in the ASMA tracers arenoticed in 2015 compared to the long-term mean. A 30 % (20 %) decreasein carbon monoxide (water vapor) at 100 hPa is observed in July over most ofthe ASMA region, whereas in August the drop is strongly concentrated at theedges of the ASMA. A prominent increase in O 3 ( >  40 %) at100 hPa is clearly evident within the ASMA in July, whereas in August theincrease is strongly located (even at 121 hPa) over the western edges of theASMA. Further, the temperature around the tropopause shows significantpositive anomalies ( ∼  5 K) within the ASMA in 2015. The presentresults clearly reveal the El-Nino-induced dynamical changes causedsignificant changes in the trace gases within the ASMA in summer 2015.

Structure, dynamics, and trace gas variability within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in the extreme El Niño of 2015–2016