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. Convective cloud systems in the maritime tropics play a critical role inglobal climate, but accurately representing aerosol interactions withinthese clouds persists as a major challenge for weather and climatemodelling. We quantify the effect of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) on theradiative properties of a complex tropical Atlantic deep convective cloudfield using a regional model with an advanced double-moment microphysicsscheme. Our results show that the domain-mean daylight outgoing radiationvaries by up to 18 W m−2 depending on the chosen INP parameterisation.The key distinction between different INP parameterisations is thetemperature dependence of ice formation, which alters the verticaldistribution of cloud microphysical processes. The controlling effect of theINP temperature dependence is substantial even in the presence ofHallett–Mossop secondary ice production, and the effects of secondary iceformation depend strongly on the chosen INP parameterisation. Our resultshave implications for climate model simulations of tropical clouds andradiation, which currently do not consider a link between INP particle typeand ice water content. The results also provide a challenge to the INPmeasurement community, as we demonstrate that INP concentrationmeasurements are required over the full mixed-phase temperature regime,which covers around 10 orders of magnitude.

The temperature dependence of ice-nucleating particle concentrations affects the radiative properties of tropical convective cloud systems