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. The evaluation of chemical transport models, CTMs, isessential for the assessment of their performance regarding the physical andchemical parameterizations used. While regional CTMs have been widely usedand evaluated over Europe, their validation over Greece is limited. In thisstudy, we investigate the performance of the Long Term Ozone SimulationEuropean Operational Smog (LOTOS-EUROS) v2.2.001 regional chemical transportmodel in simulating nitrogen dioxide, NO 2 , over Greece from June toDecember 2018. In situ NO 2 measurements obtained from 14 stationsof the National Air Pollution Monitoring Network are compared with surfacesimulations over the two major cities of Greece, Athens and Thessaloniki.Overall the LOTOS-EUROS NO 2 surface simulations compare very well tothe in situ measurements showing a mild underestimation of the measurementswith a mean relative bias of ∼ - 10  %, a high spatialcorrelation coefficient of 0.86 and an average temporal correlation of 0.52.The CTM underestimates the NO 2 surface concentrations during daytime by ∼ - 50 ±  15 %, while it slightly overestimates duringnight-time ∼  10  ±  35 %. Furthermore, the LOTOS-EUROStropospheric NO 2 columns are evaluated against ground-based multi-axisdifferential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) NO 2 measurements in Athens and Thessaloniki. We report that the CTM troposphericNO 2 column simulations over both urban and rural locations representthe diurnal patterns and hourly levels for both summer and winter seasonssatisfactorily. The relative biases range between ∼ − 2 % and − 35 %, depending on season and relative NO 2 load observed. Finally,the CTM was assessed also against space-borne Sentinel-5Precursor (S5P) carrying the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) tropospheric NO 2 observations. We conclude that LOTOS-EUROS simulates extremely well thetropospheric NO 2 patterns over the region with very high spatialcorrelation of 0.82 on average, ranging between 0.66 and 0.95, with negative biases in the summer and positive in the winter.Updated emissions for the simulations and model improvements when extremevalues of boundary layer height are encountered are further suggested.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Evaluation of the LOTOS-EUROS NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; simulations using ground-based measurements and S5P/TROPOMI observations over Greece