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. Satellite observations reveal that China has been leadingthe global greening trend in the past 2 decades. We assessed the impact ofland cover change as well as climate variability on total biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission inChina from 2001–2016. We found the greening trend in China is leading anational-scale increase in BVOC emission. The BVOC emission level in 2016could be 11.7 % higher than that in 2001 because of higher tree coverfraction and vegetation biomass. On the regional scale, the BVOCemission level from 2013–2016 could be 8.6 %–19.3 %higher than that from 2001–2004 in hotspots including (1) northeasternChina, (2) Beijing and its surrounding areas, (3) the Qin Mountains, (4) Yunnan Province, (5) Guangxi–Guangdong provinces, and (6) Hainan island becauseof the land cover change without considering the impact of climatevariability. The comparison among different scenarios showed that vegetationchanges resulting from land cover management are the main driver of BVOCemission change in China. Climate variability contributed significantly tointerannual variations but not much to the changing trend during the studyperiod. In the standard scenario, which considers both land cover change andclimate variability, a statistically significant increasing trend can still befound in regions including Beijing and its surroundings, YunnanProvince, and Hainan island, and BVOC emission total amount in these regionsfrom 2013–2016 is 11.0 %–17.2 % higher that from 2001–2004. Wecompared the long-term HCHO vertical columns (VC) from the satellite-basedOzone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) with the estimation of isoprene emissionin summer. The results showed statistically significant positive correlationcoefficients over the regions with high vegetation cover fractions. Inaddition, the isoprene emission and HCHO VC both showed statisticallysignificant increasing trends in the south of China where these twovariables have high positive correlation coefficients. This result maysupport our estimation of the variability and trends of BVOC emission inthis region; however, the comparison still has large uncertainties since thechemical and physical processes, including transportation, diffusion andchemical reactions, were not considered. Our results suggest that thecontinued increase in BVOC will enhance the importance of considering BVOCwhen making policies for controlling ozone pollution in China along withongoing efforts to increase the forest cover fraction.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

A long-term estimation of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission in China from 2001–2016: the roles of land cover change and climate variability