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. The United States has experienced a sharp increase in unconventional natural gas(UNG) development due to the technological development of hydraulicfracturing. The objective of this study is to investigate the emissions atan active Marcellus Shale well pad at the Marcellus Shale Energy andEnvironment Laboratory (MSEEL) in Morgantown, West Virginia, USA. Usingan ambient air monitoring laboratory, continuous sampling started inSeptember 2015 during horizontal drilling and ended in February 2016 whenwells were in production. High-resolution data were collected for thefollowing air quality contaminants: volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone(O3), methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), and carbondioxide (CO2), as well as typical meteorological parameters (windspeed and direction, temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure).Positive matrix factorization (PMF), a multivariate factor analysis tool,was used to identify possible sources of these pollutants (factor profiles)and determine the contribution of those sources to the air quality at thesite. The results of the PMF analysis for well pad development phasesindicate that there are three potential factor profiles impacting airquality at the site: natural gas, regional transport/photochemistry, and engine emissions. There is a significant contribution ofpollutants during the horizontal drilling stage to the natural gas factor. The model outcomesshow that there is an increasing contribution to the engine emission factor over different wellpad drilling periods through production phases. Moreover, model results suggest thatthe regional transport/photochemistry factor is more pronounced during horizontal drilling and drillout dueto limited emissions at the site.

Identifying and quantifying source contributions of air quality contaminants during unconventional shale gas extraction