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. In recent years, ammonia emissions have been continuously increasing, beingalmost 4 times higher than in the 20th century. Although animportant species, as its use as a fertilizer sustains human living, ammoniahas major consequences for both humans and the environment because of itsreactive gas-phase chemistry that makes it easily convertible to particles.Despite its pronounced importance, ammonia emissions are highlyuncertain in most emission inventories. However, the great development ofsatellite remote sensing nowadays provides the opportunity for moretargeted research on constraining ammonia emissions. Here, we usedsatellite measurements to calculate global ammonia emissions over the period2008–2017. Then, the calculated ammonia emissions were fed to a chemistrytransport model, and ammonia concentrations were simulated for the period2008–2017. The simulated concentrations of ammonia were compared with groundmeasurements from Europe, North America and Southeastern Asia, as well aswith satellite measurements. The satellite-constrained ammonia emissionsrepresent global concentrations more accurately than state-of-the-artemissions. Calculated fluxes in the North China Plain were seen to be moreincreased after 2015, which is not due to emission changes but due to changes insulfate emissions that resulted in less ammonia neutralization and hence inlarger atmospheric loads. Emissions over Europe were also twice as much asthose in traditional datasets with dominant sources being industrial andagricultural applications. Four hot-spot regions of high ammonia emissionswere seen in North America, which are characterized by high agricultural activity,such as animal breeding, animal farms and agriculturalpractices. South America is dominated by ammonia emissions from biomassburning, which causes a strong seasonality. In Southeastern Asia, ammoniaemissions from fertilizer plants in China, Pakistan, India and Indonesia arethe most important, while a strong seasonality was observed with a springand late summer peak due to rice and wheat cultivation. Measurements ofammonia surface concentrations were better reproduced withsatellite-constrained emissions, such as measurements from CrIS (Cross-trackInfrared Sounder).

10-year satellite-constrained fluxes of ammonia improve performance of chemistry transport models