English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

. In the marine environment, measurements of lipids as representative specieswithin different lipid classes have been performed to characterize theiroceanic sources and their transfer from the ocean into the atmosphere tomarine aerosol particles. The set of lipid classes includes hydrocarbons(HC); fatty acid methyl esters (ME); free fatty acids (FFA); alcohols (ALC);1,3-diacylglycerols (1,3 DG); 1,2-diacylglycerols (1,2 DG);monoacylglycerols (MG); wax esters (WE); triacylglycerols (TG); andphospholipids (PP) including phosphatidylglycerols (PG),phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholines (PC), as well asglycolipids (GL) which cover sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDG),monogalactosyl-diacylglycerols (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDG)and sterols (ST). These introduced lipid classes have been analyzed in thedissolved and particulate fraction of seawater, differentiating betweenunderlying water (ULW) and the sea surface microlayer (SML) on the one hand.On the other hand, they have been examined on ambient submicrometer aerosolparticle samples (PM1) which were collected at the Cape VerdeAtmospheric Observatory (CVAO) by applying concerted measurements. Thesedifferent lipids are found in all marine compartments but in differentcompositions. Along the campaign, certain variabilities are observed for theconcentration of dissolved (∑DLULW: 39.8–128.5 µg L−1, ∑DLSML: 55.7–121.5 µg L−1) andparticulate (∑PLULW: 36.4–93.5 µg L−1, ∑PLSML: 61.0–118.1 µg L−1) lipids in the seawater of thetropical North Atlantic Ocean. Only slight SML enrichments are observed forthe lipids with an enrichment factor EFSML of 1.1–1.4 (DL) and 1.0–1.7(PL). On PM1 aerosol particles, a total lipid concentration between75.2–219.5 ng m−3 (averaged: 119.9 ng m−3) is measured. As alsobacteria – besides phytoplankton sources – influence the lipidconcentrations in seawater and on the aerosol particles, the lipid abundancecannot be exclusively explained by the phytoplankton tracer(chlorophyll a). The concentration and enrichment of lipids in the SML arenot related to physicochemical properties which describe the surfaceactivity. On the aerosol particles, an EFaer (the enrichment factor onthe submicrometer aerosol particles compared to the SML) between 9×104–7×105 is observed. Regarding the individual lipidgroups on the aerosol particles, a statistically significant correlation(R2=0.45, p=0.028) was found between EFaer andlipophilicity (expressed by the KOW value), which was not present forthe SML. But simple physicochemical descriptors are overall not sufficientto fully explain the transfer of lipids. As our findings show thatadditional processes such as formation and degradation influence theocean–atmosphere transfer of both OM in general and of lipids in particular,they have to be considered in OM transfer models. Moreover, our data suggestthat the extent of the enrichment of the lipid class constituents on theaerosol particles might be related to the distribution of the lipid withinthe bubble–air–water interface. The lipids TG and ALC which are preferablyarranged within the bubble interface are transferred to the aerosolparticles to the highest extent. Finally, the connection between icenucleation particles (INPs) in seawater, which are already active at highertemperatures (−10 to −15 ∘C), and the lipid classesPE and FFA suggests that lipids formed in the ocean have the potential tocontribute to (biogenic) INP activity when transferred into the atmosphere.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Concerted measurements of lipids in seawater and on submicrometer aerosol particles at the Cabo Verde islands: biogenic sources, selective transfer and high enrichments