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. Aerosol particles were collected at various altitudes inthe Arctic during the Polar Airborne Measurements and Arctic RegionalClimate Model Simulation Project 2018 (PAMARCMiP 2018) conducted in theearly spring of 2018. The composition, size, number fraction, and mixing state ofindividual aerosol particles were analyzed using transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM), and their sources and transport were evaluated bynumerical model simulations. We found that sulfate, sea-salt, mineral-dust,K-bearing, and carbonaceous particles were the major aerosol constituents.Many particles were composed of two or more compositions that had coagulatedand were coated with sulfate, organic materials, or both. The numberfraction of mineral-dust and sea-salt particles decreased with increasingaltitude. The K-bearing particles increased within a biomass burning (BB)plume at altitudes >  3900 m, which originated from Siberia.Chlorine in sea-salt particles was replaced with sulfate at high altitudes.These results suggest that the sources, transport, and aging of Arcticaerosols largely vary depending on the altitude and air-mass history. We alsoprovide the occurrences of solid-particle inclusions (soot, fly-ash, andFe-aggregate particles), some of which are light-absorbing particles. Theywere mainly emitted from anthropogenic and biomass burning sources and wereembedded within other relatively large host particles. Our TEM measurementsrevealed the detailed mixing state of individual particles at variousaltitudes in the Arctic. This information facilitates the accurateevaluation of the aerosol influences on Arctic haze, radiation balance,cloud formation, and snow/ice albedo when deposited.

Compositions and mixing states of aerosol particles by aircraft observations in the Arctic springtime, 2018