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. Exhaust emissions from shipping are a major contributorto particle concentrations in coastal and marine areas. Previously, the marinefuel sulfur content (FSC) was restricted globally to 4.5 m/m%, but thelimit was changed to 3.5 m/m% at the beginning of 2012 and further downto 0.5 m/m% in January 2020. In sulfur emission control areas (SECA), thelimits are stricter: the FSC restriction was originally 1.50 m/m%, but itdecreased to 1.00 m/m% in July 2010 and again to 0.10 m/m% inJanuary 2015. In this work, the effects of the FSC restrictions on particlenumber concentrations (PNCs) and particlenumber size distributions (NSDs) are studied in theBaltic Sea SECA. Measurements were made on a small island (Utö, Finland;59∘46′50 N, 21∘22′23 E) between 2007 and 2016. Shipplumes were extracted from the particle number size distribution data, andthe effects of the FSC restrictions on the observed plumes as well as on theambient concentrations were investigated. Altogether, 42 322 analyzable plumes were identified during the 10-yearmeasurement period. The results showed that both changes in the FSCrestrictions reduced the PNCs of the plumes. The latter restriction (to 0.10 m/m% in January 2015) also decreased the ambient particle numberconcentrations, as a significant portion of particles in the area originatedfrom ship plumes that were diluted beyond the plume detection limits. Theoverall change in the PNCs of the plumes and ambient air was 27 and 32 %,respectively, for the total FSC change from 1.50 m/m% to 0.10 m/m%. Thedecrease in the plume particle number concentration was caused mostly by adecrease in the concentration of particle sizes of between approximately 33 and 144 nm. The latter restriction also reduced the geometric mean diameter of theparticles, which was probably caused by the fuel type change from residualoil to distillates during the latter restriction. The PNC was larger for theplumes measured at daytime than for those measured at nighttime, likelybecause of the photochemical aging of particles due to UV light. Thedifference decreased with decreasing FSC, indicating that a lower FSC also has an impact on the atmospheric processing of ship plumes.

Effects of marine fuel sulfur restrictions on particle number concentrations and size distributions in ship plumes in the Baltic Sea