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. Snow is the most reflective natural surface on Earth andconsequently plays an important role in Earth's climate. Light-absorbingparticles (LAPs) deposited on the snow surface can effectively decrease snowalbedo, resulting in positive radiative forcing. In this study, we usedremote-sensing data from NASA's Moderate Resolution ImagingSpectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR)model to quantify the reduction in snow albedo due to LAPs beforevalidating and correcting the data against in situ observations. We thenincorporated these corrected albedo-reduction data in the Santa BarbaraDISORT (Discrete Ordinate RadiativeTransfer) Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model to estimate NorthernHemisphere radiative forcing except for midlatitude mountains inDecember–May for the period 2003–2018. Our analysis reveals an averagecorrected reduction in snow albedo (ΔαMODIS,correctedLAPs) of ∼ 0.021 under all-sky conditions, withdaily radiative forcing (RFMODIS,dailyLAPs) values of∼ 2.9 W m−2, over land areas with complete ornear-complete snow cover and with little or no vegetation above the snow inthe Northern Hemisphere. We also observed significant spatial variations inΔαMODIS,correctedLAPs and RFMODIS,dailyLAPs,with the lowest respective values (∼ 0.016 and ∼ 2.6 W m−2) occurring in the Arctic and the highest (∼ 0.11 and ∼ 12 W m−2) in northeastern China. From MODISretrievals, we determined that the LAP content of snow accounts for 84 %and 70 % of the spatial variability in albedo reduction and radiativeforcing, respectively. We also compared retrieved radiative forcing valueswith those of earlier studies, including local-scale observations,remote-sensing retrievals, and model-based estimates. Ultimately, estimatesof radiative forcing based on satellite-retrieved data are shown torepresent true conditions on both regional and global scales.

Satellite-based radiative forcing by light-absorbing particles in snow across the Northern Hemisphere