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. Cities represent a key space for a sustainable society ina changing environment, and our society is steadily embracing urban greenspace for its role in mitigating heat waves and anthropogenic CO2emissions. This study reports 2 years of surface fluxes of energy andCO2 in an artificially constructed urban forest measured by the eddycovariance method to examine the impact of urban forests on air temperatureand net CO2 exchange. The urban forest site shows typical seasonalpatterns of forest canopies with the seasonal march of the East Asian summermonsoon. This study shows that the urban forest reduces both the warmingtrend and urban heat island intensity compared to the adjacent high-riseurban areas and that photosynthetic carbon uptake is large despiterelatively small tree density and leaf area index. During the significantdrought period in the second year, gross primary production andevapotranspiration decreased, but their reduction was not as significant asthose in natural forest canopies. We speculate that forest managementpractices, such as artificial irrigation and fertilization, enhancevegetation activity. Further analysis reveals that ecosystem respiration inurban forests is more pronounced than for typical natural forests in asimilar climate zone. This can be attributed to the substantial amount ofsoil organic carbon due to intensive historical soil use and soiltransplantation during forest construction, as well as relatively warmertemperatures in urban heat domes. Our findings suggest the need for cautionin soil management when aiming to reduce CO2 emissions in urban areas.

Traces of urban forest in temperature and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; signals in monsoon East Asia

Traces of urban forest in temperature and CO<sub>2</sub> signals in monsoon East Asia