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. Historically, aerosols of anthropogenic origin have offset some of the warming from increased atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Thestrength of this negative aerosol forcing, however, is highly uncertain – especially the part originating from cloud–aerosol interactions. Animportant part of this uncertainty originates from our lack of knowledge about pre-industrial aerosols and how many of these would have acted ascloud condensation nuclei (CCN). In order to simulate CCN concentrations in models, we must adequately model secondary aerosols, including newparticle formation (NPF) and early growth, which contributes a large part of atmospheric CCN. In this study, we investigate the effective radiativeforcing (ERF) from cloud–aerosol interactions (ERFaci) with an improved treatment of early particle growth, as presented inBlichner et al. (2021). We compare the improved scheme to the default scheme, OsloAero, which are both embedded in the atmospheric component of theNorwegian Earth System Model v2 (NorESM2). The improved scheme, OsloAeroSec, includes a sectional scheme that treats the growth of particlesfrom 5–39.6 nm in diameter, which thereafter inputs the particles to the smallest mode in the pre-existing modal aerosol scheme. Thedefault scheme parameterizes the growth of particles from nucleation up to the smallest mode, a process that can take several hours. Theexplicit treatment of early growth in OsloAeroSec, on the other hand, captures the changes in atmospheric conditions during this growth timein terms of air mass mixing, transport, and condensation and coagulation. We find that the ERFaci with the sectional scheme is −1.16 W m−2, which is 0.13 W m−2 weaker compared to thedefault scheme. This reduction originates from OsloAeroSec producing more particles than the default scheme in pristine, low-aerosol-concentrationareas and fewer NPF particles in high-aerosol areas. We find, perhaps surprisingly, that NPF inhibits cloud droplet activation inpolluted and/or high-aerosol-concentration regions because the NPF particles increase the condensation sink and reduce the growth of the larger particleswhich may otherwise activate. This means that in these high-aerosol regions, the model with the lowest NPF – OsloAeroSec – will have the highest clouddroplet activation and thus more reflective clouds. In pristine and/or low-aerosol regions, however, NPF enhances cloud droplet activation because the NPFparticles themselves tend to activate. Lastly, we find that sulfate emissions in the present-day simulations increase the hygroscopicity of secondary aerosols compared topre-industrial simulations. This makes NPF particles more relevant for cloud droplet activation in the present day than the pre-industrialatmosphere because increased hygroscopicity means they can activate at smaller sizes.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Reduced effective radiative forcing from cloud–aerosol interactions (ERF&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;aci&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) with improved treatment of early aerosol growth in an Earth system model