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. Heavy precipitation (HP) constitutes a major meteorological threat in thewestern Mediterranean (WMed). Every year, recurrent events affect the areawith fatal consequences for infrastructure and personal losses. Despite thisbeing a well-known issue widely investigated in the past, openquestions still remain. Particularly, the understanding of the underlyingmechanisms and the modeling representation of the events must be improved.One of the major goals of the Hydrological Cycle in the MediterraneanExperiment (HyMeX; 2010–2020) has been to advance knowledge on this topic.In this article, we present an overview of the most recent lessons learnedfrom HyMeX towards an improved understanding of the mechanisms leading to HP in the WMed. The unique network of instruments deployed as well as the use of finer modelresolutions and coupled models provided an unprecedented opportunity tovalidate numerical model simulations, develop improved parameterizations,and design high-resolution ensemble modeling approaches and sophisticatedassimilation techniques across scales. All in all, HyMeX, and particularly the science team heavy precipitation,favored the evidencing of theoretical results, the enrichment of ourknowledge on the genesis and evolution of convection in a complex topographyenvironment, and the improvement of precipitation forecasts. Illustratively,the intervention of cyclones and warm conveyor belts in the occurrence ofheavy precipitation has been pointed out, and the crucial role of thespatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric water vapor for theunderstanding and accurate forecast of the timing and location of deepconvection has been evidenced, as has the complex interaction amongprocesses across scales. The importance of soil and ocean conditions and theinteractions among systems were highlighted, and such systems werespecifically developed in the framework of HyMeX to improve the realism ofweather forecasts. Furthermore, the benefits of cross-disciplinary effortswithin HyMeX have been a key asset in bringing our knowledgeabout heavy precipitation in the Mediterranean region a step forward.

Overview towards improved understanding of the mechanisms leading to heavy precipitation in the western Mediterranean: lessons learned from HyMeX