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. Black carbon (BC) forms an important component of particulatematter globally, due to its impact on climate, the environment and humanhealth. Identifying and quantifying its emission sources are critical foreffective policymaking and achieving the desired reduction in air pollution.In this study, we present the first direct measurements of urban BC fluxesusing eddy covariance. The measurements were made over Beijing within theUK-China Air Pollution and Human Health (APHH) winter 2016 and summer 2017campaigns. In both seasons, the mean measured BC mass (winter: 5.49 ng m−2 s−1, summer: 6.10 ng m−2 s−1) and number fluxes(winter: 261.25 particles cm−2 s−1, summer: 334.37 particles cm−2 s−1) were similar. Traffic was determined to be thedominant source of the BC fluxes measured during both seasons. The total BCemissions within the 2013 Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China(MEIC) are on average too high compared to measured fluxes by a factor of58.8 (winter) and 47.2 (summer). Only a comparison with the MEIC transport sector shows that emissionsare also larger (factor of 37.5 in winter and 37.7 in summer) than the measured flux.Emission ratios of BC ∕ NOx and BC ∕ CO are comparable to vehicularemission control standards implemented in January 2017 for gasoline (China 5) and diesel (China V) engines, indicating a reduction of BC emissions withincentral Beijing, and extending this to a larger area would further reducetotal BC concentrations.

Direct measurements of black carbon fluxes in central Beijing using the eddy covariance method