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. In this work, an abundance of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) from livestockfacilities was studied through laboratory measurements from cloud-simulation chamber experiments and field investigation in the Texas Panhandle. Surfacematerials from two livestock facilities, one in the Texas Panhandle andanother from McGregor, Texas, were selected as dust proxies for laboratoryanalyses. These two samples possessed different chemical and biologicalproperties. A combination of aerosol interaction and dynamics in theatmosphere (AIDA) measurements and offline ice spectrometry was used toassess the immersion freezing mode ice nucleation ability and efficiency ofthese proxy samples at temperatures above −29 ∘C. A dynamicfilter processing chamber was also used to complement the freezingefficiencies of submicron and supermicron particles collected from the AIDAchamber. For the field survey, periodic ambient particle sampling took placeat four commercial livestock facilities from July 2017 to July 2019. INPconcentrations of collected particles were measured using an offlinefreezing test system, and the data were acquired for temperatures between −5 and −25 ∘C. Our AIDA laboratory results showed that the freezing spectra of twolivestock dust proxies exhibited higher freezing efficiency than previouslystudied soil dust samples at temperatures below −25 ∘C. Despitetheir differences in composition, the freezing efficiencies of both proxylivestock dust samples were comparable to each other. Our dynamic filterprocessing chamber results showed on average approximately 50 %supermicron size dominance in the INPs of both dust proxies. Thus, ourlaboratory findings suggest the importance of particle size in immersionfreezing for these samples and that the size might be a more important factor for immersion freezing of livestock dust than the composition. From a3-year field survey, we measured a high concentration of ambient INPs of 1171.6 ± 691.6 L−1 (average ± standard error) at −25 ∘C for aerosol particles collected at the downwind edges oflivestock facilities. An obvious seasonal variation in INP concentration,peaking in summer, was observed, with the maximum at the same temperature exceeding 10 000 L−1 on 23 July 2018. The observed high INPconcentrations suggest that a livestock facility is a substantial source ofINPs. The INP concentration values from our field survey showed a strongcorrelation with measured particulate matter mass concentration, whichsupports the importance of size in ice nucleation of particles fromlivestock facilities.

Laboratory and field studies of ice-nucleating particles from open-lot livestock facilities in Texas