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. Long-term and continuous observations of mesospheric–lower thermospheric windsare rare, but they are important to investigate climatological changes atthese altitudes on timescales of several years, covering a solar cycle andlonger. Such long time series are a natural heritage of the mesosphere–lowerthermosphere climate, and they are valuable to compare climate models or long-term runs of general circulation models (GCMs). Here we present aclimatological comparison of wind observations from six meteor radars at twoconjugate latitudes to validate the corresponding mean winds and atmosphericdiurnal and semidiurnal tides from three GCMs, namely the Ground-to-Topside Modelof Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy (GAIA), the Whole Atmosphere CommunityClimate Model Extension (Specified Dynamics) (WACCM-X(SD)), and the UpperAtmosphere ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (UA-ICON) model. Our results indicatethat there are interhemispheric differences in the seasonal characteristics ofthe diurnal and semidiurnal tide. There are also some differences in the meanwind climatologies of the models and the observations. Our results indicatethat GAIA shows reasonable agreement with the meteor radar observationsduring the winter season, whereas WACCM-X(SD) shows better agreement withthe radars for the hemispheric zonal summer wind reversal, which is moreconsistent with the meteor radar observations. The free-running UA-ICON tendsto show similar winds and tides compared to WACCM-X(SD).

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Interhemispheric differences of mesosphere–lower thermosphere winds and tides investigated from three whole-atmosphere models and meteor radar observations