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. Sulfate is one of the main components of haze fine particles, and itsformation mechanism remains controversial. A lack of detailed andcomprehensive field data hinders the accurate evaluation of relative rolesof prevailing sulfate formation pathways. Here, we analyzed the sulfateproduction rates using a state-of-the-art multiphase model constrained to theobserved concentrations of transition metal, nitrogen dioxide, ozone,hydrogen peroxide and other important parameters in winter and summer inthe North China Plain. Our results showed that aqueous transition metal ion (TMI)-catalyzedoxidation was the most important pathway followed by the surface oxidationof Mn in both winter and summer while the hydroxyl and Criegee radicaloxidations contribute significantly in summer. In addition, we also modeledthe published cases for the fog and cloud conditions. It is found thatnitrogen dioxide oxidation is the dominant pathway for the fog in a higherpH range while hydroperoxide and ozone oxidations dominated for the cloud.

A comprehensive observation-based multiphase chemical model analysis of sulfur dioxide oxidations in both summer and winter