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. Information on the spatiotemporal characteristics of Beijing'surban–rural near-surface air temperature difference, known as the canopylayer urban heat island (UHI), is important for future urban climatemanagement strategies. This paper investigates the variation of near-surfaceair temperatures within Beijing at a neighbourhood-scale resolution(∼ 100 m) during winter 2016 and summer 2017. We performsimulations using the urban climate component of the ADMS-Urban model withland surface parameters derived from both local climate zone classificationsand OpenStreetMap land use information. Through sensitivity simulations, therelative impacts of surface properties and anthropogenic heat emissions onthe temporal variation of Beijing's UHI are quantified. Measured UHIintensities between central Beijing (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) and arural site (Pinggu) during the Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in aChinese Megacity (APHH-China) campaigns, peak during the evening at∼ 4.5 ∘C in both seasons. In winter, the nocturnalUHI is dominated by anthropogenic heat emissions but is underestimated bythe model. Higher-resolution anthropogenic heat emissions may capture theeffects of local sources (e.g. residential buildings and adjacent majorroads). In summer, evening UHI intensities are underestimated, especiallyduring heatwaves. The inability to fully replicate the prolonged release ofheat stored in the urban fabric may explain this. Observed negative daytimeUHI intensities in summer are more successfully captured when surfacemoisture levels in central Beijing are increased. However, the spatialcorrelation between simulated air temperatures and satellite-derived landsurface temperatures is stronger with a lower urban moisture scenario. Thisresult suggests that near-surface air temperatures at the urbanmeteorological site are likely influenced by fine-scale green spaces thatare unresolved by the available land cover data and demonstrates theexpected differences between surface and air temperatures related to canopylayer advection. This study lays the foundations for future studies ofheat-related health risks and UHI mitigation strategies across Beijing andother megacities.

Modelling spatiotemporal variations of the canopy layer urban heat island in Beijing at the neighbourhood scale