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. The increase of atmospheric methane (CH4) and carbondioxide (CO2), two of the main anthropogenic greenhouse gases, is largelydriven by fossil sources. Sources and sinks remain insufficientlycharacterized in the Mediterranean and Middle East areas, where very few insitu measurements are available. We measured the atmospheric mixing ratiosof CH4 and CO2 by ship in the region in July and August 2017. High mixing ratios were observed over the Suez Canal, Red Sea and Arabian Gulf, while generally lower mixing ratios were observed over the Gulf of Aden and Gulf ofOman. We probe the origin of the CO2 and CH4 excess mixing ratio byusing correlations with light alkanes and through the use of a Lagrangianmodel coupled to two different emission inventories of anthropogenicsources. We find that the CO2 and especially the CH4 enhancementsare mainly linked to nearby oil and gas (OG) activities over the Arabian Gulf and a mixture of other sources over the Red Sea. The isomeric ratio ofpentane is shown to be a useful indicator of the OG component ofatmospheric CH4 at the regional level. Upstream emissions linked tooil in the northern Arabian Gulf seem to be underestimated, while gas-relatedemissions in the southern Gulf are overestimated in our simulations. Ourresults highlight the need for improvement of inventories in the area tobetter characterize the changes in magnitude and the complex distribution of the OG sources in the Middle East.

Shipborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide in the Middle East and Mediterranean areas and the contribution from oil and gas emissions