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. The paper shows wind shear impact on PM10 vertical profiles in Kraków, southern Poland. The data used consist of background data for two cold seasons (September 2018 to April 2019 and September 2019 to April 2020) and data for several case studies from November 2019 to March 2020. The data arecomposed of PM10 measurements, model data, and wind speed and directiondata. The background model data come from operational forecast results of the AROME model. PM10 concentration in the vertical profile was measuredwith a sightseeing balloon. Significant spatial variability of the wind field was found. The case studies represent the conditions with much lower windspeed and a much higher PM10 level than the seasonal average. The inversions were much more frequent than on average too. Wind shear turnedout to be the important factor in terms of PM10 vertical profilemodification. It is generated due to the relief impact, i.e. the presence ofa large valley, blocked on one side with the hills. The analysis ofPM10 profiles from all flights allows us to distinguish three vertical zones of potential air pollution hazards within the valley (about 100 m deep) and the city of Kraków: (1) up to about 60 m a.g.l. – the zone whereduring periods of low wind speed, air pollution is potentially the highestand the duration of such high levels is the longest, i.e. the zone with theworst aerosanitary conditions; (2) about 60–100 m a.g.l. – transitional zonewhere the large decrease in PM10 levels with height is observed; (3) above 100–120 m a.g.l. – the zone where air quality is significantly better than in zone 1, either due to the increase in the wind speed or due tothe wind direction change and advection of different, clean air masses.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Measurement report: Effect of wind shear on PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; concentration vertical structure in the urban boundary layer in a complex terrain