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. Satellite-based cloud base and top height (CBH and CTH) and cloud geometrical thickness (CGT) are validated against ground-based lidarmeasurements and provide new scientific insights. The satellite measurementsare done by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder SatelliteObservation (CALIPSO). The retrieval methodology is built on the 333 mresolution low-level water cloud data obtained from the Vertical FeatureMask product of CALIPSO. The methodology is based on the definition that CBHof boundary layer clouds is the lowest cloud base over an area of severaltens of kilometers. This allows taking the CBH of the neighboring penetrableshallower cloud as having CBH representative for the entire cloud field. Themethodology over the ocean was validated based on observations from twosurface-based ceilometer measurements in the islands of Barbados and theAzores, with an error standard deviation of ±115 m. Validation overland was based on 4 years data of 138 terrestrial ceilometer sites with anerror standard deviation of ±220 m. The unprecedented accurate CBHallows us to obtain CGT, which is an essential parameter in theunderstanding of the aerosol–cloud interaction. Based on this newlydeveloped methodology, we retrieved the annual, seasonal, and diurnaldistributions of global CBH, CTH, and CGT for two years and analyzed thevariations of CBH and CTH over the ocean and land. Climatology of the annualmean cloud geometrical properties shows the following. (1) The lowest CBH occurs overthe eastern margins of the subtropical oceans and increases westward from300–400 to 800–900 m. The CGT increases from 300 to 1200 m, respectively. Inthe western part of the tropical oceans, CBH is 500–600 m and CGT is∼ 1500 m. (2) A narrow band of lower CBH and CGT occurs overthe Equator, especially over the eastern parts of the oceans. (3) CBH andCGT over the tropical rain forests (Amazon and Congo) are 1200 and 1500 m,respectively. CBH over the drier tropical land is 1500–2000 m, with CGT of 800–1000 m.(4) CBH decreases towards Antarctica in the Southern Ocean, while CGT deepens. (5) Seasonally, the mid-latitude global oceans have the lowest CBH (mostly below 500 m) and CGT in summer seasons and the highest values in winter. (6) There is just an obvious difference between day and night for the maximum CTH and CGT over the tropics. Over the ocean, there is no discernible difference in CBH, but during night CTH is higher by ∼ 300 m.

Satellite retrieval of cloud base height and geometric thickness of low-level cloud based on CALIPSO