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. New particle formation (NPF) events occur almost everywhere in the world andcan play an important role as a particle source. The frequency andcharacteristics of NPF events vary spatially, and this variability is yet tobe fully understood. In the present study, long-term particle sizedistribution datasets (minimum of 3 years) from 13 sites ofvarious land uses and climates from across Europe were studied, and NPFevents, deriving from secondary formation and not traffic-relatednucleation, were extracted and analysed. The frequency of NPF events wasconsistently found to be higher at rural background sites, while the growthand formation rates of newly formed particles were higher at roadsides(though in many cases differences between the sites were small), underliningthe importance of the abundance of condensable compounds of anthropogenicorigin found there. The growth rate was higher in summer at all ruralbackground sites studied. The urban background sites presented the highestuncertainty due to greater variability compared to the other two types ofsite. The origin of incoming air masses and the specific conditionsassociated with them greatly affect the characteristics of NPF events. Ingeneral, cleaner air masses present higher probability for NPF events, whilethe more polluted ones show higher growth rates. However, different patternsof NPF events were found, even at sites in close proximity (&lt; 200 km),due to the different local conditions at each site. Region-wide events werealso studied and were found to be associated with the same conditions aslocal events, although some variability was found which was associated withthe different seasonality of the events at two neighbouring sites. NPFevents were responsible for an increase in the number concentration ofultrafine particles of more than 400 % at rural background sites on theday of their occurrence. The degree of enhancement was less at urban sitesdue to the increased contribution of other sources within the urbanenvironment. It is evident that, while some variables (such as solarradiation intensity, relative humidity, or the concentrations of specificpollutants) appear to have a similar influence on NPF events across allsites, it is impossible to predict the characteristics of NPF events at asite using just these variables, due to the crucial role of localconditions.

A phenomenology of new particle formation (NPF) at 13 European sites