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. The direct radiative forcing efficiency of dust aerosol (DRFEdust) is an important indicator to measure the climate effect of dust. The DRFEdust is determined by the microphysical properties of dust, which vary with dust source regions. However,there are only sparse in situ measurements of them, such as the distribution of the dust aerosol particle size and the complex refractive index in themain dust source regions. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that thenon-spherical effect of the dust particle is not negligible. TheDRFEdust is often evaluated by estimating given microphysicalproperties of the dust aerosols in the radiative transfer model (RTM).However, considerable uncertainties exist due to the complex and variabledust properties, including the complex refractive index and the shape of thedust. The DRFEdust over the Taklimakan Desert and Sahara is derived from the satellite observations in this paper. The advantage of the proposed satellite-based method is that there is no need to consider themicrophysical properties of the dust aerosols in estimating theDRFEdust. For comparison, the observed DRFEdust is compared withthat simulated by the RTM. The differences in the dust microphysicalproperties in these two regions and their impacts on DRFEdust areanalyzed. The DRFEdust derived from the satellite observation is -39.6±10.0 W m-2τ-1 in March 2019 over Tamanrasset in the Saharaand -48.6±13.7 W m-2τ-1 in April 2019 over Kashi in the Taklimakan Desert. According to the analyses of theirmicrophysical properties and optical properties, the dust aerosols from theTaklimakan Desert (Kashi) scatter strongly. The RTM-simulated results (−41.5 to −47.4 W m-2τ-1 over Kashi and −32.2 to−44.3 W m-2τ-1 over Tamanrasset) are in good agreement withthe results estimated by satellite observations. According to previousstudies, the results in this paper are proven to be reasonable and reliable. The results also show that the microphysical properties of the dust cansignificantly influence the DRFEdust. The satellite-derived results canrepresent the influence of the dust microphysical properties on theDRFEdust, which can also validate the direct radiative effect of thedust aerosol and the DRFEdust derived from the numerical model more directly.

Estimating radiative forcing efficiency of dust aerosol based on direct satellite observations: case studies over the Sahara and Taklimakan Desert