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. Feedbacks play a fundamental role in determining the magnitude of theresponse of the climate system to external forcing, such as fromanthropogenic emissions. The latest generation of Earth system modelsincludes aerosol and chemistry components that interact with each other andwith the biosphere. These interactions introduce a complex web of feedbacksthat is important to understand and quantify. This paper addresses multiple pathways for aerosol and chemical feedbacks inEarth system models. These focus on changes in natural emissions (dust, seasalt, dimethyl sulfide, biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) andlightning) and changes in reaction rates for methane and ozone chemistry.The feedback terms are then given by the sensitivity of a pathway to climatechange multiplied by the radiative effect of the change. We find that the overall climate feedback through chemistry and aerosols isnegative in the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) Earthsystem models due to increased negative forcing from aerosols in a climatewith warmer surface temperatures following a quadrupling of CO2concentrations. This is principally due to increased emissions of sea saltand BVOCs which are sensitive to climate change and cause strongnegative radiative forcings. Increased chemical loss of ozone and methanealso contributes to a negative feedback. However, overall methane lifetime isexpected to increase in a warmer climate due to increased BVOCs. Increasedemissions of methane from wetlands would also offset some of the negativefeedbacks. The CMIP6 experimental design did not allow the methane lifetimeor methane emission changes to affect climate, so we found a robust negativecontribution from interactive aerosols and chemistry to climate sensitivityin CMIP6 Earth system models.

Climate-driven chemistry and aerosol feedbacks in CMIP6 Earth system models