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. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a phenomenon of periodic changes insea surface temperature in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific Ocean, isthe strongest signal of interannual variability in the climate system with aquasi-period of 2–7 years. El Niño events have been shown to haveimportant influences on meteorological conditions in China. In this study, theimpacts of El Niño with different durations on aerosol concentrations andhaze days during December–January–February (DJF) in China are quantitativelyexamined using the state-of-the-art Energy Exascale Earth System Modelversion 1 (E3SMv1). We find that PM2.5 concentrations are increasedby 1–2 µg m−3 in northeastern and southern China anddecreased by up to 2.4 µg m−3 in central-eastern China duringEl Niño events relative to the climatological means. Compared to long-duration (LD) El Niño events, El Niño with short duration (SD) butstrong intensity causes northerly wind anomalies over central-eastern China,which is favorable for aerosol dispersion over this region. Moreover, theanomalous southeasterly winds weaken the wintertime prevailing northwesterlyin northeastern China and facilitate aerosol transport from southern and southeast Asia, enhancing aerosol increase in northeastern China during SD El Niño events relative to LD El Niño events. In addition, the modulationeffect on haze days by SD El Niño events is 2–3 times more than that by LD El Niño events in China. The aerosol variations during El Niño events aremainly controlled by anomalous aerosol accumulation/dispersion and transportdue to changes in atmospheric circulation, while El Niño-inducedprecipitation change has little effect. The occurrence frequency of SD El Niño events has been increasing significantly in recent decades,especially after the 1940s, suggesting that El Niño with short duration hasexerted an increasingly intense modulation on aerosol pollution in China over thepast few decades.

Intensified modulation of winter aerosol pollution in China by El Niño with short duration