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. Marine traffic has been identified as a relevant sourceof pollutants, which cause known negative effects on air quality. TheIberian Peninsula is a central point in the connection of shipping trafficbetween the Americas, Africa, and the rest of Europe. To estimate theeffects of shipping emissions inland and around the Iberian Peninsula, the EMEP/MSC-W model was run considering and not considering shipping emissions(obtained with STEAM3). Total estimated emissions of CO, CO2,SOx, NOx, and particulate matter (subdivided into elementary carbon – EC, organic carbon – OC, sulfate, and ash) for the study domain in 2015were respectively 49, 30 000, 360, 710, 4.5, 11,32, and 3.3 kt yr−1. Shipping emissions increasedSO2 and NO2 concentrations, especially near port areas, and alsoincreased the O3, sulfate, and particulate matter (PM2.5 andPM10) concentrations over the entire Iberian Peninsula coastline(especially in the south coastal region). Shipping emissions wereresponsible for exceedances of WHO air quality guidelines for PM2.5 inareas far from the coastline, which confirms that shipping emissions cancontribute negatively to air quality, both in coastal and inland areas.

Shipping emissions in the Iberian Peninsula and the impacts on air quality